What it argues
Isabel Wilkerson's account of the Great Migration — the movement of six million Black Americans from the South to the North and West between 1915 and 1970 — is one of the most important works of narrative nonfiction published in the twenty-first century. It tells the story of this vast demographic shift through three individuals: Ida Mae Gladney, a sharecropper's wife who left Mississippi for Chicago in 1937; George Swanson Starling, a citrus picker who left Florida for New York in 1945; and Robert Joseph Pershing Foster, a doctor who left Louisiana for Los Angeles in 1953. It took Wilkerson fifteen years to report and write.
The three narratives are interwoven rather than told consecutively, and the interweaving builds a cumulative argument that what these three individuals experienced was simultaneously unique and representative. Each carried a specific set of skills, family circumstances, and ambitions; each faced a specific iteration of the racial terror and economic exploitation that drove the migration; and each arrived at a specific northern or western city at a specific moment of receiving community's history. The individual stories make the statistical abstraction of six million people comprehensible.
What it gets right
- 1.
Six million people made individual decisions that together constituted one of the largest demographic transformations in American history. Understanding the Great Migration requires holding both the individual and the statistical simultaneously.
- 2.
The Jim Crow system was a caste system enforced by violence and embedded in economic arrangements that kept Black Southerners in permanent dependency. It was not simply 'discrimination' but a totalizing structure.
- 3.
The North was better, not good. Black migrants who arrived in Chicago or New York found legal equality, better wages, and an absence of formal terror, and also residential segregation, employment discrimination, and a different set of humiliations.
What it covers
Who wrote it
Isabel Wilkerson is an American journalist and author who served as the Chicago Bureau Chief for The New York Times. She was the first Black woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in journalism, receiving it in 1994 for feature writing. The Warmth of Other Suns, published in 2010, was fifteen years in the making and involved interviews with over a thousand people. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award and was named one of the best books of the year by numerous publications. Her follow-up book, Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents, was published in 2020 and became a national bestseller. She teaches at Boston University.