Author

Books by Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardic Jewish origin who was excommunicated from his Amsterdam community in 1656. He worked as a lens grinder while developing his philosophical system in private, declining academic appointments that would have required compromising his views. His major works — the Theological-Political Treatise and the Ethics — were either controversial on publication or published posthumously. He is now considered one of the central figures of seventeenth-century rationalism and a major influence on the Enlightenment.